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The instability in Nicaragua (Alessandro Davì)

In a time when we should increase awareness of public opinion on the issue of the hydrogeological and the idea of \u200b\u200bslope instability This blog seems adequate and appropriate. Even because we are living on this side or we build structures, often recklessly, even if sometimes touted as the projects of primary importance for the industrial and economic development in a specific region.
Although my studies have approached questions of different types do not deny that the geomorphology in general I have always had a strong interest, interest ancestral brings me back to my childhood and my love for geography.
During my studies I had to get close to gravitational phenomena as (or related to) collapse, colamenti and (especially) lahar. Everything was channeled to one of my study on the phenomenon of instability in volcanic environment. And 'obviously no need to stress as eruptive activity (especially of Plinian type) can cause big changes beyond the purely regional geological, volcanological and petrographic specific interest. For example, the age-old question of whether we should consider the "lahar" a purely event-related volcanism (perhaps to a secondary volcanism) or a mechanism closely related to the geomorphology of the region under consideration. Fragmentation of magma during Plinian eruption can then play a key role in weaving and cohesion of the loose sediment: the Sarno landslide of 1988 was a classic case of such a harmful combination: pyroclastic material rich in SiO2, fine, tinted made unstable by rainwater and the activity man.
Many of you know that one of my field of inquiry was, of course for study and academic training, mainly Central America and Nicaragua. In addition, since Leonardo says in its article, the use of technologically advanced machinery and equipment, would also be interesting to compare the methodologies of research and experimental approach in a country relatively new technologies such as Italy and a country like Nicaragua which has strong motives in wanting to fill some gaps in knowledge concerning one of its most pressing problems as the hydrogeological. Recall that Nicaragua is a country of tropical rainfall with has a high range of values \u200b\u200bbetween the "half wet" and "half dry". Imagine the conditions of fixity and strength of its sides to the arrival of the first six months after torrential rains impressive total of drought.
Landslides on which I dwelt in Nicaragua (especially lahar) mainly concern the area of \u200b\u200bManagua and the area of \u200b\u200bSan Cristobal and Casitas volcano (in the north-west of the country). I attach to this article and some interesting pictures you will notice that some phenomena are extremely important posting.
The photo (1) was taken by myself during a trip to the aforementioned S. Cristobal (left) and Casitas (right) is remarkable that opened the gash on the right for a gravitational phenomena linked to the activity of Hurricane Mitch in 1998. The event can be defined as a debris avalanche that has gaping cold the slope, creating a discontinuity in the mantle of vegetation. The picture may not make the idea and grandeur of the phenomenon but, trust who has been there is something awesome to see.
The photo (2) shows the same event, but perhaps makes a better idea of \u200b\u200bthe material deposited in the foothills, this picture is derived from a publication INETER (Nicaraguan Institute Estudios Territoriales).
The photo (3), always taken by me, shows another volcano in Nicaragua: the Cerro Negro. We look like a landslide, probably synchronous Strombolian-type eruptive activity, has resulted in the accumulation of juvenile material (ash and slag) would make the slope unstable with subsequent landslide, although I would not call it a real lahar . From a purely particle size could be a dripping but there is no certainty that there was a simultaneous wetting of the deposit due to meteoric activity.
The photo (4) shows the situation at the foot of Cerro Los construction Martinez, a relief that washes the western outskirts of the city of Managua. It is obviously very interesting because it shows the urban situation (obviously messy and chaotic) at the foot of the slopes so unstable. Excessive deforestation and reconstruction reckless and disorderly in the city after the earthquake of 1972 (which destroyed almost) make it highly probable event trigger catastrophic gravitational especially interested in certain neighborhoods of crumbling suburbs. Managua is a city of 1,500,000 inhabitants.
Some Italian NGOs were tasked with developing a micro-zoning map of the city of Managua risk: it was developing a GIS in order to correlate each batch of the city with the main sources of risk (earthquakes, rainfall, landslides, floods, volcanic volcanic) and possibly develop a hazard map in order to carry out infrastructure improvements and preventive works. Great difficulties to the development of this project were caused by bureaucratic delays and inadequate geological knowledge of the area. Unfortunately I do not know the status of implementation of this project that could definitely be of any real and concrete.
It (5) obviously does not need to comment further and highlights the highly precarious situation of the suburbs addossatesi uncontrollably in highly unstable slopes.
In many publications and studies by researchers in many European, American and Japanese, not about methodologies for monitoring and control, but are treated only cartographic analysis and in the geomorphological GIS. This innovative study methodology could be 10 or 15 years ago, while today a development in GIS is considered an introductory stage to a more complete plan of instrumental control and monitoring via satellite.
The proposal that I make in this blog is to weave a plot against linked to different types of landslides on the basis of what we studied and observed, and not pausing only to the Alps to Sicily, but also from areas' intense volcanic activity as the Central American arc. Could carry out projects or discussions about the most advanced monitoring techniques that could take root in areas not yet accustomed to a certain type of study.
The man, over the centuries has used its best energies in achieving total knowledge of reality with which it interacts. Because of our intellectual and sensory limitations we can not know reality in its absolute essence, because we (or we assume) to make the laws more or less constant and universal through empirical studies, related to the phenomena that we can only observe. Ergo, the model will be for us always an approximation, but will never be the carrier for a full airing.
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The laser scanning for monitoring man-made structures

generally use the laser scanner for many different applications and still on areas such as medium-scale landslides, landfills and quarries. The project under consideration is rather consisted in verifying the change of the crack of some houses as a mirror of the evolution of a widespread collapse in a town in Lombardy. Since the project is currently still in progress, I will confine myself to the description of volunteer activities and omit the names of places.

However, this town of Lombardy is characterized by a collapse to a circumscribed area of \u200b\u200bthe municipality particularly karstified. In these places has risen a not insignificant number of homes that, over time have begun to express widespread subsidence, inclinations of the walls (even those carriers) is also very deep cracks that often have eroded structures. For obvious reasons the council was unable to intervene directly on private properties and for this reason it was decided to implement a particular action on soil protection and avant-garde: the excavation a series of trenches along the roads of the country from which to depart a series of micro orizzonatli radial on which the houses could take the weight off. Far be it from me on assessments about the quality of the project (not my job) I was still asked if it was possible to make assessments (in fact non-partisan in conjunction with the geotechnical monitoring conducted by the firm in charge of piling) on \u200b\u200bthe move recorded from the homes during the excavations and in the aftermath of the regional planning. My monitoring proposal was to make three campaign tracking laser scanner from the ground.

The first campaign has in fact given the initial crack pattern (I think I may have devastating but accurate idea of \u200b\u200bthe house too!). Then, after six months I have made, on the same houses and the same points of taking a new set of scans. The quality and detail of the scans was a very dense number of points, in order to obtain a realistic picture of great detail and also those cracks millimeter. Following the scans I have since carried out the photos with the built-in laser fotocmera. The defenses of processing (carried out by the JRC 3D Reconstructor - http://www.gexcel.it/ ) consisted initially in the town of referencing in all scans and all images to create three-dimensional models are similar or totally overlapping for the two sets of scans. Then I made two types of test: the automatic inspection of the two meshes (triangulations of automated comparison of point clouds) to produce a guideline with regard to areas where the clouds of points were not perfectly overlapping. The problem, however, as a result of this development was born when the reliability dell'inspection is in fact an order of magnitude as the size of the change in open fractures that I expected. Result: it is true that in some cases the inspection marks a change in me, but that variation can be even within intrinsic error of measurement, or alternatively if the inspection marks nothing I can also not see anything related to the fact that changes in position are numerically inferior to the definition of the scan or the inspection itself. How to work then? In this sense, the literature, and also the excellent editing programs I have come to meet. It 's possible to create digital orthophotos of my scans orthometric just putting themselves in position, and in particular made the mesh (triangulation of the scan) and those with digital photos (thus obtaining a three-dimensional pictures) for both series may be obtained by the Broadcasting orthophotos of the first set and second set. Through the program Kubit ( http://www.gexcel.it/ ) was then possible to export each of the digital orthophotos and replace my object in different levels: level ortho first scan, second scan ortho level, the crack level 1 (derived from copying by hand in each of the slots of the first set of scans) and at the crack 2 (obtained in the same way.) After this operation, the result is a possible comparison of crack patterns of the two series of scans at all points where I proceeded to detect the cracks.

results. Areas of variation of the crack corresponding to those too superficially by automatic inspection in Recostructor (index of this good product quality information), in particular, it was possible to verify a substantial change of the crack in terms of number of cracks per unit area for extension of the cracks themselves. The major fissures in fact have increased their presence and longitudinal data, while smaller ones have generally retained their extension.

The data were then supported by those of fessurimetri.

Reflection. The fessurimetri are a very reliable and also permit the continuous monitoring of the cracks, the limit of the use of fessurimetri however, is that if a new slot opens to two centimeters from the old one and also with a size of 50 cm the fessurimetro does not realize it. Hence the validity of the laser scanner data in these conditions. Obviously the costs are different in terms of time and effort although still in a telemetry system for a number of cracks even half of those observed with the laser results with fessurimetri certainly more costly.

Thoughts?

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Why are we here

The reason for this blog is essentially to create a space for communication and sharing of knowledge between professionals in different fields, yet also similar: soil conservation, technology (new and traditional), the instrumentation, but also the philosophy understood as the problmeatica approach to soil conservation.
In this space will be published initially in fact our experiences so they can become a topic of discussion or information is for those who may not approve of those things (and hopefully many to be put into question) and for those not familiar with and has the ' need to know.

Later, also in relation to the number of colleagues who will visit us and leave us a signal, we plan to open a sister blog in English but in order to share our concerns with other cultures as well as our certainties.

We hope to have you intrigued.

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to slide Ruinon

Ruinon The landslide is one of the most dangerous landslides in the central sector of the Alps, meaning the term "dangerous" in its pure sense. In particular it is a complex sliding scale of rock estimated to be between 20 and 40 million cubic meters. In fact it is quite similar in size to the most famous and infamous landslide Valpola during the flood of 1987 ( http://www.arpalombardia.it/cmg ).

knowledge of the landslide back to the first events of the early 90s when it was immediately following that covered the entire valtellina interventions Structural response to rain in its flood. In that same period, considering also the significant economic availability of funds, was born, or rather suffered a strong impulse, geological monitoring. According to a slightly more modern monitoring is in fact a structural response to a natural event. In particular, this is addressed primarily to the knowledge dle phenomenon, the next modeling, and finally, in a modern perspective of civil protection, forecasting and prevention of the effects of the phenomenon.

E 'in this spirit that the Ruinon today is so well known, since 1996 have been many tools and monitoring activities that have involved him.

From a technical point of view on Ruinon wire strain gauges were tested, base strain, and distometri convergence measures for manual measurements, inclinometers (fixed and manuals), and Casagrande piezometers open pipe (also telemetry), and one of the first monitoring campaign with fixed GPS telemetry ever made in Italy. Obviously many of these monitoring campaigns have been accompanied topography over time.

From a standpoint geognostic however, apart from the obvious geognostic the Ruinon has also been studied by geoelectrical: CT, stringing traditional geophysical and spontaneous potential, then we must remember idrogeognostiche campaigns related to the extent of the tracer diffusivity of hydro done through the introduction of sodium fluorescein and the measurement with verification of the depletion curve.

Finally in 2006 (June) there is a synthetic aperture radar system from the ground (GBInSAR) permanently installed on the side opposite to that in the landslide that allows near real-time monitoring of the entire landslide body, and then approach monitoring the areal and punctual.

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Our Pictures

This post is merely to upgrade because of the images that fit into her with the idea that the images can be inserted recount the experience and on the basis of that deal.

- The photo header is the landslide of Ruinon - Valfurva, SO. one of the most dangerous landslides in the central Alps (Login to write: that even this distinction between the central Alps, Eastern and Western?). For details see the post Ruinon.

- The photo was taken at Mark and Rosa away from the top of the rocks at the base of the new hut Marco e Rosa (Lanzada - SO) located on the Piz Bernina at 3610 meters altitude. The area was affected by a collapse in rock, including the Marco Rosa and see the specific post.

- Madonna Macialli The photo is on a rock in a landslide in the town of Montemezzo (CO). Of the landslide is not his is an event of incredible magnitude, but what makes it dangerous is the stream that flows to the foot. At the foot of the landslide in fact runs the San Vincenzo Torrente, the expression of a basin rich in cones and feeding areas and very unpredictable in the event of heavy rainfall and / or prolonged. The auction ends at Lake Como in the town of Gera Lario, but before reaching the lake through a tombotto below the state "queen". Systematically tombotto clogs the river and invade the whole country.

- It is the union of two screenshots during processing. In a town of Lombardy, which is subject to karst subsidence due to a very thorough combined with anthropogenic effects, is was prepared a draft soil protection act to counter the effects that these collapses were common housing. The task entrusted consisted in carrying out some monitoring campaigns using laser scanner and monitoring activities during construction and after closing it, there was an increase condierevole of the crack in the home. The Post on best describes the activities and results so far achieved.